Glucosylceramidase Beta (GBA) Genotyping

Huw Morris, Nigel Williams

Published: 2022-08-05 DOI: 10.17504/protocols.io.bzd7p29n

Abstract

This protocol details the steps for GBA genotyping . This protocol has been adapted from the PRoBaND Clinical Consortium (incorporating methods described by Neuman et al., 2009 and Stone et al., 2000) and has been used for all publications for PRoBaND / Tracking Parkinson's describing clinical data and outcomes with respect to GBA status

Before start

Check that you have the correct forward and reverse primers and required materials, supplies and equipment.

Steps

Primer Sequences

1.

Use the following primer sequences:

Table 1: Forward and reverse primers used by Stone DL, Tayebi N, Orvisky E, Stubblefield B, Madike V, Sidransky E. Glucocerebrosidase gene mutations in patients with type 2 Gaucher disease. Hum Mutat. 2000;15(2):181-8. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(200002)15:2<181::AID-HUMU7>3.0.CO;2-S. PMID: 10649495.
Table 1: Forward and reverse primers used by Stone DL, Tayebi N, Orvisky E, Stubblefield B, Madike V, Sidransky E. Glucocerebrosidase gene mutations in patients with type 2 Gaucher disease. Hum Mutat. 2000;15(2):181-8. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(200002)15:2<181::AID-HUMU7>3.0.CO;2-S. PMID: 10649495.

Amplification of the GBA gene

2.

Three different PCR reactions are performed. Refer to Table 2 for a detailed description of the PCR conditions used for each fragment.

2.1.

In order to avoid amplification of the pseudogene, primer sequences are designed to bind to DNA regions exclusively found within the GBA gene. As an internal control, calculate the size of the PCR products resulting from amplification of the pseudogene for these three fragments. Confirm they are an alternative size to those amplified from GBA .

2.2.

Amplify three distinct fragments spanning all exonic and most intronic sequences of GBA .

2.3.

PCR conditions

Table 2: PCR conditions for amplification of the GBA gene. Run all PCR products on a 1% agarose gel with ethidium bromide to confirm successful amplification of the GBA gene and to rule out accidental amplification of the GBA pseudogene (GBAP).
Table 2: PCR conditions for amplification of the GBA gene. Run all PCR products on a 1% agarose gel with ethidium bromide to confirm successful amplification of the GBA gene and to rule out accidental amplification of the GBA pseudogene (GBAP).

PCR

3.

Prepare the following reagents for the PCR in a total reaction volume of 15µL :

  1. 7.5µL fast start PCR master mix (Roche)
  2. 1µLof 10 µM Forward primer
  3. 4.5µL Deionised water
  4. 1µL Genomic DNA template (50 ng/µl)
4.

Run all PCR products on a 1% agarose gel with ethidium bromide and size check to rule out amplification of the GBA pseudogene (GBAP) .

Safety information
Ethidium bromide is a hazardous chemical. It is a risk to the environment, toxic by inhalation and highly toxic as a mutagen. Refer to the product safety data sheet, institutional health & safety policies, procedures and risk assessments.

5.

If the initial primers failed or showed an incomplete read then and alternative set of primers can be used:

Table 3.

Table 3: Alternative set of GBA sequencing primers reported by  Neumann J, Bras J, Deas E, O'Sullivan SS, Parkkinen L, Lachmann RH, Li A, Holton J, Guerreiro R, Paudel R, Segarane B, Singleton A, Lees A, Hardy J, Houlden H, Revesz T, Wood NW. Glucocerebrosidase mutations in clinical and pathologically proven Parkinson's disease. Brain. 2009 Jul;132(Pt 7):1783-94. doi: 10.1093/brain/awp044. Epub 2009 Mar 13. PMID: 19286695; PMCID: PMC2702833.
Table 3: Alternative set of GBA sequencing primers reported by Neumann J, Bras J, Deas E, O'Sullivan SS, Parkkinen L, Lachmann RH, Li A, Holton J, Guerreiro R, Paudel R, Segarane B, Singleton A, Lees A, Hardy J, Houlden H, Revesz T, Wood NW. Glucocerebrosidase mutations in clinical and pathologically proven Parkinson's disease. Brain. 2009 Jul;132(Pt 7):1783-94. doi: 10.1093/brain/awp044. Epub 2009 Mar 13. PMID: 19286695; PMCID: PMC2702833.
6.

Perform cycle sequencing for each exon and the flanking intronic sequences using the Dye Terminator Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems) and run on an ABI 3700xl genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems).

7.

Sequence all amplicons both in the forward and the reverse direction.

8.

Analyse sequence chromatograms using Sequencher software (Genecodes).

Note
When this sequencing was carried out NM_001005749 was used.  This RefSeq entry was permanently suppressed because currently there is insufficient support for the transcript and the protein.  We would now recommend used of variant nomenclature based on the Human Genome Variation Society guidelines (den Dunnen et al., 2016) using GenBank reference sequence NM_000157.4 - describing a 536 amino acid form for glucocerbrosidase.  NB The traditional numbering for GBA missense mutations omits the first 39 amino acids of the current accepted transcript. 

9.

Analyse all exons and the flanking intronic regions when clean, complete sequence reads are obtained.

Note
Key references Neumann J, Bras J, Deas E, O'Sullivan SS, Parkkinen L, Lachmann RH, Li A, Holton J, Guerreiro R, Paudel R, Segarane B, Singleton A, Lees A, Hardy J, Houlden H, Revesz T, Wood NW. Glucocerebrosidase mutations in clinical and pathologically proven Parkinson's disease. Brain. 2009 Jul;132(Pt 7):1783-94. Neumann J, Bras J, Deas E, O'Sullivan SS, Parkkinen L, Lachmann RH, Li A, Holton J, Guerreiro R, Paudel R, Segarane B, Singleton A, Lees A, Hardy J, Houlden H, Revesz T, Wood NW. Glucocerebrosidase mutations in clinical and pathologically proven Parkinson's disease. Brain. 2009 Jul;132(Pt 7):1783-94. doi: 10.1093/brain/awp044. Epub 2009 Mar 13. PMID: 19286695; PMCID: PMC2702833. Epub 2009 Mar 13. PMID: 19286695; PMCID: PMC2702833.Stone DL, Tayebi N, Orvisky E, Stubblefield B, Madike V, Sidransky E. Glucocerebrosidase gene mutations in patients with type 2 Gaucher disease. Hum Mutat. 2000;15(2):181-8. Stone DL, Tayebi N, Orvisky E, Stubblefield B, Madike V, Sidransky E. Glucocerebrosidase gene mutations in patients with type 2 Gaucher disease. Hum Mutat. 2000;15(2):181-8. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(200002)15:2<181::AID-HUMU7>3.0.CO;2-S. PMID: 10649495.. PMID: 10649495.den Dunnen, J. T., Dalgleish, R., Maglott, D. R., Hart, R. K., Greenblatt, M. S., McGowan-Jordan, J., Roux, A.-F., Smith, T., Antonarakis, S. E., & Taschner, P. E. M. (2016). HGVS Recommendations for the Description of Sequence Variants: 2016 Update.Human Mutation ,37 (6), 564–569.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/humu.22981 PMID: 26931183 PMID: 26931183

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